PL EN
The French paradox, or a bottom-up modification of integration policy. The republican model and Polish immigrant organisations in France
 
 
More details
Hide details
1
Wydział Socjologii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Polska
 
 
Submission date: 2023-05-21
 
 
Final revision date: 2023-09-29
 
 
Acceptance date: 2023-10-05
 
 
Online publication date: 2023-11-16
 
 
Publication date: 2023-11-16
 
 
Corresponding author
Jacek Kubera   

Wydział Socjologii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, ul. Szamarzewskiego 89c, 60-568, Poznań, Polska
 
 
Problemy Polityki Społecznej 2023;63(4):1-19
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The article provides empirical knowledge on the functioning of the French paradox in integration policy at the mezzo level. The research problem is to explain how immigrant organisations take part in bringing out and sustaining the contradictions inherent in the French model of integration. The analysis is based on forty-eight individual in-depth interviews conducted in the frame of grass-roots research carried out among activists of Polish voluntary associations in France as well as representatives of French public institutions and non-governmental organisations. The ndividual in-depth interviews concerned the conditions under which Polish associations function, including the characteristics of France as a host country. The main conclusion of the article is that despite their legal and institutional invisibility, migrant minorities – the elephant in the room of integration policy in France – are able to achieve their own specific goals and forge a public presence through associations operating pursuant to Loi 1901.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Marta Jaroszewicz from the Centre for Migration Research (CMR) at the University of Warsaw for her inspiration during the work on the article.
FUNDING
This article is the result of a project ‘Polish immigrant organisations in Europe’ (2015-2020) conducted by the Centre for Migration Research at the University of Warsaw, Poland. It was financed by the Cracow-based National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki) as a follow-up to the SONATA BIS competition (No. 2014/14/E/HS6/00731).
 
REFERENCES (48)
1.
Alexander, J. C., & Giesen, B. (1987). From reduction to linkage: The long view of the micro-macro debate. In J. C. Alexander, B. Giesen, R. Münch & N. J. Smelser (eds.), The micro-macro link (1-42). University of California Press.
 
2.
Audebert, C. (2013). The social geography of ethnic minorities in metropolitan Paris: A challenge to the French model of social cohesion? Patterns of Prejudice, 47(3), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/003132....
 
3.
Bazin, C., Duros, M., Bastiani, B., Ben Ayed, A., Fauritte, J., & Malet, J. (2022). La France associative en mouvement. 20ème édition. Association Recherches & Solidarités. https://www.associations.gouv.....
 
4.
Beauchemin, C., Hamel, C., & Simon, P. (eds.). 2018. Trajectories and origins: Survey on the diversity of the French population. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
 
5.
Bereni, L., Epstein, R., & Torres, M. (2020). Colour-blind diversity: how the “Diversity Label” reshaped anti-discrimination policies in three French local governments. Ethnic and Racial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198....
 
6.
Berthomière, W., Maurel, M., & Richard, Y. (2015). Intégration des immigrés et associations en France: Un essai d’approche croisée par l’économie et la géographie. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, document 749. https://doi.org/10.4000/cyberg....
 
7.
Bertossi, C. (2007). French and British models of integration. Public philosophies, policies and state institutions. University of Oxford (ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society Working Paper, No. 46). https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/wp....
 
8.
Bertossi, C. (2012). The performativity of colour blindness: Race politics and immigrant integration in France, 1980–2012. Patterns of Prejudice, 46(5), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/003132....
 
9.
Bertossi, C., Duyvendak, J. W., & Scholten, P. (2015). The coproduction of national models of integration: A view from France and the Netherlands. In P. Scholten, H. Entzinger, R. Penninx & S. Verbeek (eds.), Integrating immigrants in Europe: Research-policy dialogues (59-76). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
 
10.
Brubaker, R. (2001). The return of assimilation? Changing perspectives on immigration and its sequels in France, Germany, and the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(4), 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198....
 
11.
Brutel, C. (2014). Les immigrés récemment arrivés en France: Une immigration de plus en plus européenne. Insee Première, 1524. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statis....
 
12.
Christol P. (2013). Les Polonais au sud de la Loire. Archives & culture.
 
13.
Commission nationale consultative des Droits de l’Homme (2022). La lutte contre le racisme, l’antisémitisme et la xénophobie, année 2021. https://www.vie-publique.fr/ra....
 
14.
Escafré-Dublet, A. (2019): The whiteness of cultural boundaries in France. Identities. 26(5), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/107028....
 
15.
Escafré-Dublet, A., & Lelévrier, C. (2019). Governing diversity without naming it: An analysis of neighbourhood policies in Paris. European Urban and Regional Studies, 26(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/096977....
 
16.
Fennema, M. (2004). The concept and measurement of ethnic community. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(3), 429-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/136918....
 
17.
Garçon, G. (1992). 40 lat działalności Kongresu Polonii Francuskiej 1949-1989. Studia Polonijne, 14, 103–114.
 
18.
Gogolewski, E. (1990). Życie emigrantów polskich we Francji w latach 1919-1939. Przegląd Polonijny, 16(1), 19–40.
 
19.
Gońda, M., Lesińska, M., & Pachocka, M. (2020). Relations between immigration and integration policies in postwar Europe. In M. Duszczyk, M. Pachocka, & D. Pszczółkowska (eds.), Relations between immigration and integration policies in Europe: Challenges, opportunities and perspectives in selected EU member states (24–45). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/978042....
 
20.
Hollifield, J. F. (2004). The emerging migration state. International Migration Review, 38, 885–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747....
 
21.
Hollifield, J. F., Hunt, V. F., & Tichenor, D. J. (2008). The liberal paradox: Immigrants, markets and rights in the United States. SMU Law Review, 61(1), 67–98. https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr/....
 
22.
Journal Officiel (2023). Consulter les annonces et les comptes annuels des associations. https://www.journal-officiel.g....
 
23.
Krzyworzeka-Jelinowska, A. (2019). Role polskich kobiet w kształtowaniu i wspieraniu tożsamości dzieci pochodzenia polskiego w społecznych szkołach polonijnych we Francji. Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 4(174), 119–138.
 
24.
Loch, D. (2014). Integration as a sociological concept and national model for immigrants: Scope and limits. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 21(6), 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/107028....
 
25.
Loi du 1er juillet 1901 (2023[1991). Loi du 1er juillet 1901 relative au contrat d’association. Version en vigueur au 28 avril 2023. République Française – Légifrance, le service public de la diffusion du droit. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr....
 
26.
Loi n° 81-909 (2023[1981]). Loi n° 81-909 du 9 octobre 1981 modifiant la loi du 1er juillet 1901 relative au contrat d’association en ‎ce qui concerne les associations dirigées en droit et en fait par des étrangers. République Française – Légifrance, le service public de la diffusion du droit. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr....
 
27.
Maxwell, R. (2012). Ethnic minority migrants in Britain and France: Integration trade-offs. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO978....
 
28.
Mazouz, S. (2017). La République et ses autres: Politiques de l’altérité dans la France des années 2000. ENS Éditions.
 
29.
Noiriel, G. (1988). Le creuset français: Histoire de l’immigration XIX-XXe siècles. Seuil.
 
30.
Nowosielski, M., & Dzięglewski, M. (2021). Polskie organizacje imigranckie w Europie. W poszukiwaniu nowego modelu. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/1....
 
31.
Palermo, F., & Woelk, J. (2003). No representation without recognition: The right to political participation of (National) minorities. Journal of European Integration, 25(3), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/070363....
 
32.
Penninx, R., & Garcés-Mascareñas, B. (2016). The concept of integration as an analytical tool and as a policy concept. In: B. Garcés-Mascareñas & R. Penninx (eds.) Integration processes and policies in Europe: Contexts, levels and actors (11-29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
 
33.
Ponty, J. (ed.). (2011). Polonia: Des Polonais en France, de 1830 à nos jours. Cité Nationale de l’Histoire de l’Immigration.
 
34.
Portes, A., & Fernández-Kelly, P. (eds.). (2016). The state and the grassroots: Immigrant transnational organizations in four continents. Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.3167/978178....
 
35.
Pries, L., & Sezgin, Z. (2012). Migration, organizations and transnational ties. In L. Pries, Z. Sezgin (eds.), Cross border migrant organizations in comparative perspective (1–36). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978113....
 
36.
Schain, M. A. (1993). Policy‐making and defining ethnic minorities: The case of immigration in France. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 20(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/136918....
 
37.
Simon, P. (2010). Statistics, French social sciences and ethnic and racial social relations. Revue française de sociologie, 51, 159–174. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.51....
 
38.
Simon, P., & Tiberj, V. 2012. Les registres de l’identité: Les immigrés et leurs descendants. Ined (Document de travail, 176). https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_....
 
39.
Śladkowski, W. (1980). Emigracja polska we Francji 1871-1918. Wydawnictwo Lubelskie.
 
40.
Smith, D., Stebbins, R., Grotz, J., Kumar, P., Nga, J., & Puyvelde, S. (2016). Typologies of associations and volunteering. In D. H. Smith, R. A. Stebbins, J. Grotz (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of volunteering, civic participation, and nonprofit associations (90–125). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-....
 
41.
Streeck, W. (2023). Reflections on the particular and the universal: Unity and diversity in social life and social theory. Society Register, 7(2): 7–20. https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.20....
 
42.
Tanajewski, Ł. (2004). Legalne migracje sezonowe z Polski do Niemiec i Francji: Analiza porównawcza. In P. Kaczmarczyk, & W. Łukowski (eds.), Polscy pracownicy na rynku Unii Europejskiej (208–239). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
 
43.
Tschirhart, M. (2006). Nonprofit membership associations. In W. W. Powell, & R. Steinberg (eds.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook. 2nd ed. (612–628). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/97803....
 
44.
Voldoire, J. (2015). Enjeux de pouvoir, enjeux de reconnaissance ou l’ethnicisation de la Polonia. Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, 31(3–4), 275–295. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.7....
 
45.
Vychytil-Baudoux, F. (2010). Le Comité électoral des Polonais naturalisés (1953-1976): Une expérience polonienne en France. Relations internationales, 141(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.3917/ri.141....
 
46.
Wang, L. (2018). Ethnic/immigrant associations and minorities’/immigrants’ voluntary participation. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/978900....
 
47.
Weil, P. (2002). Qu’est-ce qu’un Français? Histoire de la nationalité française depuis la Révolution. Grasset.
 
48.
Żaba, K. M. (1986). Organizacje polonijne we Francji. Przegląd Polonijny, 12(4), 27–37.
 
ISSN:1640-1808
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top